3rd International Congress and Expo on Heart & Cardiology

Depression won't spare your heart, it leads to the risk of arrhythmia

Depressed people could be at an increased risk of developing irregular heartbeat, says a study.

Anti-depressants have been previously linked with some serious, but rare heart rhythm disturbances, prompting the question of whether they might also raise the risk of atrial-fibrillation.

However, in the study, the risk of irregular heartbeat was 7.65-fold higher before starting anti-depressants, suggesting that anti-depressant medication itself is not associated. On the other hand, taking anti-depressant drugs helped reduce the depressive symptoms, the study showed.

“The message for patients who already have atrial fibrillation is that you do not need to be concerned about taking anti-depressant medication if you need it," said Morten Fenger-Gron, from the Aarhus University in Denmark. "Look after your mental health because our study supports existing evidence that problems with the mind can be detrimental for the heart," he added.

For the study, the team included 785,254 Danish citizens initiating anti-depressant treatment.

The risk of atrial fibrillation was assessed after starting treatment and in the month before when it was assumed that patients were depressed but medically untreated. The findings, published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, showed that patients taking anti-depressants used as an indicator of depression had a 3.18-fold higher risk of atrial fibrillation during the first month of treatment compared with the general population. However, the association gradually reduced thereafter to 1.37-fold at 2 to 6 months and 1.11-fold at 6 to 12 months.

"Filling a prescription for anti-depressants, which we used as an indicator of depression, was associated with a three-fold greater risk of atrial fibrillation. The decrease with time could suggest that treatment may alleviate this risk," said Fenger-Gron, from the Aarhus University in Denmark. Atrial fibrillation causes 20 to 30 per cent of all strokes and increases the risk of dying prematurely which include signs such as palpitations, shortness of breath, tiredness, chest pain and dizziness.

We take a pleasure to invite the arrhythmia related to give a talk on your Research at our upcoming “3^rd International Congress and Expo on Heart & Cardiology” congress which is going to be held at Miami, USA during September 19-20, 2019. It is also the best opportunity for the young researchers to gain the knowledge by interacting with the High Affiliated Speakers.

To attend the Cardiology-2019 conference Contact:

Name: Akira Williams

Occupation: Cardiology-2019 Program Manager.

Conference Website: https://scientificfederation.com/heart-cardiology-2019/

Email: cardiology-2019@scientificfederation.com

Phone: +91-779-979-0002/ 040-68176-306.

Healthy Lifestyle for Healthy Heart

The Cardiology-2019 congress which is also called “3^rd International Congress and Expo on Heart & Cardiology (Cardiology-2019)” conference which is going to be held at Miami, USA during September 19-20, 2019 is now an established event, attracting global participant’s intent on sharing, exchanging and exploring new avenues of Cardiology. The conference was going to be conduct under the theme of “Cardiology Experts Meet for Healthy Heart”. The event will have 5-6 world level (Highly cited class) Plenary speakers, established Keynote speakers, active Invited speakers and fresh contributed speakers. In addition, variety of poster presentations along with workshops and special sessions would be interested in audience.

A healthy lifestyle which includes quitting smoking and reducing weight, could help people at high genetic risk to significantly decrease their chance of suffering a stroke.

A latest Cambridge-based study has revealed that a healthy lifestyle which includes quitting smoking and reducing weight, could help people at high genetic risk to significantly decrease their chance of suffering a stroke.

The study, showed that the risk of stroke was 35 per cent higher among those at high genetic risk compared with those at low genetic risk, irrespective of lifestyle. However, the scientists revealed that unfavorable lifestyle was associated with a 66 per cent increased risk of stroke compared with a favorable lifestyle, and this increased risk was present within any genetic risk category.

The study included 3,06,473 men and women aged between 40 and 70 years who had no history of stroke or heart attack. With healthy lifestyle, the scientists meant adherence to four factors. The person should not smoke, should consume diet rich in fruits, vegetables and fish, should not be obese and regularly indulge in physical exercise.

Among the lifestyle factors, the most significant associations were seen for smoking and being overweight or obese, the researchers said.

The risk of stroke was higher in men than women across all categories of genetic risk and lifestyle. However, the researchers noted that their findings “highlight the potential of lifestyle interventions to reduce risk of stroke across entire populations, even in those at high genetic risk of stroke”.

The best way look after your heart is with a healthy lifestyle:

Be smoke-free, Manage your blood cholesterol, Manage your blood pressure, Manage diabetes, Be physically active, Achieve and maintain a healthy weight, Enjoy a variety of nutritious foods, Look after your mental health.

Your diet plays a crucial role in maintaining your hearth health. Here are five foods you must include in your daily diet i.e., Oats, Nuts, Legumes, Berries, Flaxseeds.

We welcome every one of the botanists, option and correlative prescription experts, scientists in the field of Heart & Cardiology, Heart Diseases & Devices, Hypertension, Transplantation, Arrhythmia individuals who have faith in characteristic solutions for investigate their examination, contextual investigations and specialists of regular medication at our Cardiology-2019 Scheduled on September 19-20, 2019 at Miami, USA Get into the flow and join us in Cardiology-2019 congress.

Visit the Conference website: https://scientificfederation.com/heart-cardiology-2019/

2^nd International Congress and Expo on Cardiology

(Cardiology-2018 conference)

Scientific Federation Organizing “2^nd International Congress and Expo on Cardiology (cardiology-2018)” conference during September 20-21, 2018 at Toronto, Canada.

The 2^nd International Congress and Expo on Cardiology will be held during September 20-21, 2018 at Toronto, Canada under the theme of “Advances in Clinical Cardiology and Recent Research on Future of Cardiac Health” Which includes Keynote presentations, Oral talks, Poster presentations and Exhibitions.

Cardiology-2018 will also provide the excellent opportunity to meet experts, exchange information, and strengthen the collaboration among Directors, Researchers, Associate Professors, and Scholars from both academia and industry.

We make sure to support and motivate Young Researchers to learn about the research areas of their peers to increase their capacity as multidisciplinary researchers, Develop a foundation for collaboration among young researchers, Interact and share ideas with both peers and mentors, providing a holistic experience of academic tourism.

Chair of Cardiology-2018 conference:

Prof. Deepak Puri,

Executive Director and Head of Cardiovascular Sciences in IVY Healthcare, Mohali, Punjab, India.

Biography: Deepak Puri Is Founder Chairman of Cardiomersion, a global group promoting integrated approach to comprehensive cardiovascular care. He has keen interest in Off Pump Coronary Revascularisation, Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery and Regenerative therapy with 65 publications in reputed national and international journals including chapter in book. Having presented more than 100 papers in conferences across the globe, he been invited faculty in several international conferences and organized more than 200 workshops as well as several international conferences promoting integrated approach, innovative techniques, promoting new technologies and exchanging skills with experts across the globe. He has worked as Assistant Professor in Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, Additional Director CTVS at Fortis Healthcare, Director CTVS at Max Healthcare and has been visiting surgeon at University of Maryland Baltimore, Swedish hospital Seattle as well as Leipzig Heart Center Germany.

Keynote Speakers for Cardiology-2018 Conference:

Dr. Wellnhofer Ernst

German Heart Center & Charite University Medicine Berlin, Germany.

Title of talk: Cyber security is an increasing challenge in IT 4.0-hospitals.

Biography: Dr. Wellnhofer has completed his MD in 1984 at Technical University in Munich and his PhD 2010 at Charite University Medicine Berlin on the field of “modelling and simulation in cardiac imaging”. He has done studies in informatics and statistics as well as health economy. He is clinical cardiologist, scientist and university teacher. His fields of work are cardiac imaging in particular of coronary atherosclerosis, biomedical informatics and statistics, regulatory issues regarding software as medical device and health technology assessment. He published more than 90 papers in reputed journals and holds several patents. His h-index is 24.

Recently he has completed successfully several MOOCS in data science and machine learning. After his retirement December 2017 he will be working as guest researcher at the Institute for Cardiovascular Computer-assisted Medicine at the Charite - Medical University Berlin. Moreover, he will continue to work with German Heart Center on a medical device project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.

Prof. Attila Kardos

Milton Keynes University Hospital, United Kingdom.

Title of Talk: Role of wearables in the health care system.

Biography: Prof. Attila Kardos is a consultant cardiologist at Milton Keynes University Hospital and has an Honorary Chair in the University of Buckingham. He is also a Hon Senior Lecturer to the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine Oxford University. He is a clinical lead in multimodality Cardiovascular Imaging and a Vice Chair of Research and Development and is the lead of the Cardiovascular Research Unit in the Trust. His research interest includes advanced imaging based recognition or cardiovascular pathologies utilizing Cardiac MRI, Cardiac CTA, and advanced echocardiography. In addition, he is a principle investigator in a clinical trial incorporating wearable devices in the hospital setting. His earlier research encompasses exercise physiology and the influence of the autonomic nervous system on exercise performance. Prof. Kardos is a local PI in several commercial and non-commercial clinical trials. He is also a member of several Editorial boards of a variety of scientific journals.

Dr. Sergey Suchkov

A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Russia.

Title of Talk: Personalized and Precision Medicine (PPM) as a model of healthcare of the newest generation: A Green Light Towards the innovations to activate Translational Resources.

Biography: Dr. Sergey Suchkov was born in the City of Astrakhan, Russia, in a dynasty of medical doctors, graduated from Astrakhan State Medical University and was awarded with MD. Then maintained his PhD and Doctor’s Degree. And later was working for Helmholtz Eye Research Institute and Moscow Regional Clinical Research Institute (MONIKI). Dr Suchkov was a Secretary-in-Chief of the Editorial Board, Biomedical Science, an international journal published jointly by the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK. At present, Dr Sergey Suchkov is: (i) a Director, Center for Personalized Medicine, Sechenov University, (ii) Chair, Dept. for Translational Medicine, Moscow Engineering Physical University (MAPhI), and (iii) Secretary General, United Cultural Convention (UCC), Cambridge, UK. A Member of the: New York Academy of Sciences, American Chemical Society (ACS), American Heart Association (AHA), AMEE, Dundee, UK; EPMA, Brussels, EU; PMC, Washington, DC, USA and ISPM, Tokyo, Japan.

Organizing Committee members for Cardiology-2018 conference:

Prof. Rachad Mounir. Shoucri

Royal Military College, Canada.

Biography: Prof. Rachad Mounir. Shoucri has a B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from Alexandria University, Egypt, a M.Sc. in Optical Physics, and a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from Laval University, Québec, Canada. After graduation in 1975, he worked for five years at the Hospital Saint-Sacrement and the Institut de Cardiologie de Québec where he developed his current interest in mathematical physiology and in the application of mathematics in cardiology. Since 1981 he is with the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, where he is now Professor Emeritus.

Dr. Arash Gharehbaghi

Mälardalen University, Sweden.

Biography: Dr. Arash Gharehbaghi, is a researcher in Biomedical Engineering domain at Mälardalen University, Sweden. He received his MSc in biomedical engineering from Amir Kabir University, Iran, his second MSc in Tele-media, from Mons University, Belgium, and his Ph.D degree in biomedical engineering from Linköping University, Sweden. He received the first prize of the young investigator from International Federation of Biomedical Engineering (IFBME), in the Nordic Baltic conference, 2014. His research is focused on innovative devices for heart disease assessments, specifically development of machine learning methods for processing heart sound signals toward the disease diagnosis. His longstanding studies on heart sound signal processing, within the last two decades, led to several international and domestic patents, financed by different incorporations, toward creation innovative diagnostic tools for heart disease assessments.

Dr. Shunji Sano

UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, San Francisco.

Biography: Dr. Shunji Sano is a pediatric heart surgeon who treats children born with heart defects. Over the course of his career, Sano has performed more than 7,000 pediatric cardiac surgeries. Sano is world renowned for surgical innovation. He pioneered a procedure to treat hypo plastic left heart syndrome that is now called the Sano procedure and used by many pediatric cardiac surgeons throughout the world. His research interests include heart stimulation, neonatal surgery and progenitor cell therapy - also called stem cell therapy. After earning his medical and doctoral degrees at Okayama University Medical School in Japan, Sano completed residencies in general surgery at Okayama University Hospital and Hiroshima City Hospital. He completed fellowships in cardiovascular surgery, cardiothoracic surgery and pediatric cardiothoracic surgery at Hyogo Kenritsu Amagasaki Hospital, Okayama University Medical School, Green Lane Hospital in New Zealand and the Royal Children's Hospital in Australia.

Sano became a youngest consultant cardiac surgeon in pediatrics at Royal Children's Hospital at age 37. At age 41, he became a youngest professor and chairman at Okayama University Medical School and served in those posts for 24 years. Sano is now a professor of surgery at UCSF.

Prof. P. Manokar

Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai.

Biography: P Manokar is a Professor of Cardiology at Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India. He qualified as the Youngest Cardiologist to complete formal training in Cardiology at the age of 29 years in India and then became the youngest to become Professor of Cardiology at the age of 38 years. I work in a JCI accredited University Hospital, the largest standalone private health care facility in South East Asia with over 2000 beds. He trained at OSU under the able guidance of Dr WT Abraham. He heads the Transplant Program and the AHS Training program in Sri Ramachandra University.

Prof. Pollen K.F. Yeung

Dalhousie University, Canada.

Biography: Prof. Pollen Yeung completed his Ph.D from University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, SK, Canada) and is currently Professor of Pharmacy and Medicine (Cardiology) at Dalhousie University in Halifax, NS, Canada. He has published more than 90 peer reviewed articles in reputed journals and is currently Editor-in-Chief of Cardiovascular Pharmacology Open Access and an editorial board member for Recent Review of Clinical Trials, Medical Sciences Monitor, Metabolites, Natural Products Chemistry and Research Open Access, Cardiovascular and Hematological Disorder Drug Targets, and Current Drug Safety.

After all this, the conference will also include Plenary presentations, Oral talks, Poster presentations and Exhibitions.

For more details about the conference, PS: https://scientificfederation.com/cardiology-2018/

For any queries, Email ID: cardiology-2018@scientificfederation.com

Our pleasure to meet you in this upcoming event…!!!

HEART TRANSPLANTATION

The modern day lifestyle makes everyone susceptible to heart problems with advancing age. Regular check-ups help to detect problems early and to seek effective treatment. Ignoring your cardiac health and avoiding regular check-ups could lead to delay in the identification of any underlying heart conditions resulting in advanced stages of cardiac diseases.

Heart transplantation is the procedure by which the failing heart is replaced with another heart from a suitable donor.It is generally reserved for patients with end-stage Heart Failure, who are estimated to have less than 1 year to live without the transplant and who are not candidates for or have not been helped by conventional medical therapy. In addition, most candidates are excluded from other surgical options because of the poor condition of the heart.

Heart transplants are performed when other treatments for heart problems haven't worked, leading to heart failure.

In adults, heart failure can be caused by several conditions, including: A weakening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), Coronary artery disease, Heart valve disease, A heart problem you're born with (congenital heart defect), Dangerous recurring abnormal heart rhythms (ventricular arrhythmias) not controlled by other treatments, Amyloidosis, Failure of a previous heart transplant.

In children, heart failure is most often caused by either a congenital heart defect or a cardiomyopathy.

Another organ transplant may be performed at the same time as a heart transplant (multi-organ transplant) in people with certain conditions at select medical centers. Multi-organ transplants include:

Heart-kidney Transplant: This procedure may be an option for some people with kidney failure in addition to heart failure.

Heart-liver Transplant: This procedure may be an option for people with certain liver and heart conditions.

Heart-lung Transplant: Rarely, doctors may suggest this procedure for some people with severe lung and heart diseases, if the conditions aren't able to be treated by only a heart transplant or lung transplant.

Factors that may affect the eligibility for Heart Transplant:

A heart transplant isn't the right treatment for everyone. Certain factors may mean you're not a good candidate for a heart transplant. While each case is considered individually by a transplant center, a heart transplant may not be appropriate if you: Are an advanced age that would interfere with the ability to recover from transplant surgery; Have another medical condition that could shorten your life, regardless of receiving a donor heart, such as a serious kidney, liver or lung disease; Have an active infection; Have a recent personal medical history of cancer; Are unwilling or unable to make lifestyle changes necessary to keep your donor heart healthy, such as not drinking alcohol or not smoking.

Complications of surgery:

Heart transplant surgery requires open heart surgery, which carries the risk of many complications, including: Bleeding, Infection, Blood clots, Heart attack, Stroke, Death.

Risks of having a heart transplant:

Although receiving a donor heart can save your life, having a heart transplant has many risks. Risks include:

Rejection of the donor heart: One of the most significant risks after a heart transplant is your body rejecting the donor heart.

Your immune system will see your donor heart as a foreign object that's not supposed to be in your body. Your immune system will try to attack your donor heart.

Usually the rejection is without any symptoms and requires only an adjustment of medications. If you miss doses of medications, however, the rejection can be severe and very serious. It's important that you follow the instructions as explained by your doctors.

To determine whether your body is rejecting the new heart, you'll have frequent heart biopsies to test your heart tissue during the first year after your transplant. After the first year, the number of biopsies is significantly reduced.

Problems with your coronary arteries: After your transplant, it's possible the walls of the arteries in your heart (coronary arteries) could thicken and harden, leading to cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). This can make blood circulation through your heart difficult and can cause a heart attack, heart failure, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or sudden cardiac death.

Your doctor may recommend annual tests after your transplant to monitor your coronary arteries for CAV.

Medication side effects: The immunosuppressants you'll need to take for the rest of your life may cause kidney damage and other problems. Other complications of these medications can include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and a condition in which your bones become thin and weak (osteoporosis).

Cancer: Immunosuppressants can also increase your cancer risk. Taking these medications can put you at a greater risk of skin cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other solid tumors. Regular checkups are necessary to detect the development of cancer.

Infection: Immunosuppressants decrease your ability to fight infection. Some heart transplant recipients may develop an infection that requires them to be admitted to the hospital during the first year after their transplant. The risk of infection decreases over time as the amount of immunosuppressant medication is decreased.

What if your new heart fails?

Heart transplants aren't successful for everyone. Your new heart may fail because of organ rejection or because of the development of heart valve disease or coronary artery disease. Should this happen, your doctor may recommend adjusting your medications or in more serious cases, another heart transplant.

In some cases, additional treatment options are limited, and you may choose to stop treatment. Discussions with your heart transplant team, doctor and family should generally address your expectations and preferences for treatment, emergency care and end-of-life care.

Diet and nutrition:

After your heart transplant, you may need to adjust your diet to keep your heart healthy and functioning well. Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise can help you avoid complications such as high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes.

Your dietitian's recommendations may include: Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables each day; Eating whole-grain breads, cereals and other grains; Drinking low-fat or fat-free milk or eating other low-fat or fat-free dairy products, to help maintain enough calcium in your body; Eating lean meats, such as fish or poultry; Maintaining a low-salt diet; Avoiding unhealthy fats, such as saturated fats or trans fats; Avoiding grapefruit and grapefruit juice due to its effect on a group of immunosuppressant medications (calcineurin inhibitors); Avoiding excessive alcohol; Staying hydrated by drinking adequate water and other fluids each day; Following food safety guidelines to reduce the risk of infection.

Scientific Federation providing excellent opportunity for the people related to Heart Transplantation to share their Research ideas at 2^nd International Congress and Expo on Cardiology (cardiology-2018) which is going to be held at Toronto, Canada during September 20-21, 2018. Please use this occasion to share your scientific excellences and be a part of this esteemed congress.

For more details, please go through the Conference Website mentioned below.

URL: https://scientificfederation.com/cardiology-2018/

Cardiac Remodeling

Heart failure is associated with significant morbidity and mortality attributable largely to cardiac structural changes with associated cardiac dysfunction. Cardiac dysfunction is defined as an alteration in the relationship between preload (often defined by left ventricular filling pressure) and stroke volume. This relationship is depicted by Frank-Starling curves, which identify a shift downward and to the right as cardiac dysfunction.

Remodeling is defined as alteration in the structure (dimensions, mass, shape) of the heart (called cardiac or ventricular remodeling) in response to hemodynamic load and/or cardiac injury in association with neurohormonal activation. Remodeling may be described as physiologic or pathologic alternatively.

The injury is typically due to acute myocardial infarction (usually trans mural or ST segment elevation infarction), but may be from a number of causes that result in increased pressure or volume, causing pressure overload or volume overload (forms of strain) on the heart. Chronic hypertension, congenital heart disease with intracardiac shunting, and valvular heart disease may also lead to remodeling.

Mechanism and Treatment for Cardiac Remodeling:

The progression of heart failure is related to cardiac remodeling, which represents the sequence of events at the molecular, cellular and interstitial levels, leading to changes in the size, mass, geometry and function of the heart. Cardiac remodeling involves both adaptive and maladaptive phases of development. At the initial stage, it represents an adaptive response to maintain cardiac output, whereas in the late stage, it results in the occurrence of heart failure. Oxidative stress appears to be the main factor that induces transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure as a consequence of alterations in signal transduction, dysfunction of the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum, impairment of calcium handling, increases in cardiac The progression of heart failure is related to cardiac remodeling, which represents the sequence of events at the molecular, cellular and interstitial levels, leading to changes in the size, mass, geometry and function of the heart. Cardiac remodeling involves both adaptive and maladaptive phases of development. At the initial stage, it represents an adaptive response to maintain cardiac output, whereas in the late stage, it results in the occurrence of heart failure. Oxidative stress appears to be the main factor that induces transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure as a consequence of alterations in signal transduction, dysfunction of the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum, impairment of calcium handling, increases in cardiac The progression of heart failure is related to cardiac remodeling, which represents the sequence of events at the molecular, cellular and interstitial levels, leading to changes in the size, mass, geometry and function of the heart. Cardiac remodeling involves both adaptive and maladaptive phases of development. At the initial stage, it represents an adaptive response to maintain cardiac output, whereas in the late stage, it results in the occurrence of heart failure. Oxidative stress appears to be the main factor that induces transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure as a consequence of alterations in signal transduction, dysfunction of the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum, impairment of calcium handling, increases in cardiac fibrosis and progressive loss of cardiomyocytes. Elements that play a fundamental role at the initial stages of cardiac remodeling and are associated with cardiac hypertrophy include neurohormonal activation, represented by the elevation of angiotensin II and norepinephrine levels. On the other hand, prolonged neurohormonal activation, as well as inflammatory signaling due to increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β, may be involved in the late stages of cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. In its initial stages, cardiac remodeling appears to serve as an adaptive mechanism, whereas in its late stages this process is associated with molecular and cellular defects leading to the development of heart failure.

2^nd International Congress and Expo on Cardiology providing excellent opportunity to be as a Speaker on this esteemed congress to speak few words on the topic “Cardiac Remodeling”. The conference is going to be held at Toronto, Canada during September 20-21, 2018.

Toronto Highlights are shown below:

For more details, PS: http://scientificfederation.com/cardiology-2018/

Cardiac Arrhythmia

Scientific Federation Organizing “2^nd International Congress and Expo on Cardiology (cardiology-2018)” conference during September 20-21, 2018 at Toronto, Canada.

Cardiac arrhythmia, also known as “irregular heartbeat” or “cardiac dysrhythmia”. It may be so brief that it doesn’t change your overall heart rate (the number of times per minute that your heart beats). Or it can cause the heart rate to be too slow or too fast. Some arrhythmias don’t cause any symptoms.

Arrhythmias occur when the electrical signals to the heart that coordinate heartbeats are not working properly. For instance, some people experience irregular heartbeats, which may feel like a racing heart or fluttering.

Arrhythmias are of four types: Fast heartbeat: Tachycardia; Slow heartbeat: Bradycardia; Irregular heartbeat: Flutter or Fibrillation and Early heartbeat: Premature contraction.

Most arrhythmias are not serious, but some can predispose the individual to stroke or cardiac arrest.

Causes: Any interruption to the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract can result in arrhythmia. For a person with a healthy heart, they should have a heart rate of between 60-100 beats per minute when resting. The more fit a person is, the lower their resting heart rate.

Olympic athletes, for example, will usually have a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute because their hearts are very efficient.

An arrhythmia occurs when:

The heart's natural pacemaker develops an abnormal rate or rhythm, the normal conduction pathway is interrupted and another part of the heart takes over as pacemaker.

When the heart's ability to work is greatly reduced for a prolonged time, a life-threatening situation can arise. This may result from ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, an extremely fast, chaotic rhythm during which the lower chambers quiver and the heart can't pump any blood, causing cardiac arrest. This is sudden cardiac arrest, which is a medical emergency.

If the heart can continue to pump normally, though, some ventricular tachycardias may be tolerated without fainting (syncope) or cardiac arrest. Tachycardia may be nonsustained (lasting only seconds) or sustained (lasting for minutes or hours).

Tachycardias also can cause serious injury to other organs. For example, the brain, kidneys, lungs or liver may be damaged during prolonged cardiac arrest.

A healthy person will hardly ever suffer from long-term arrhythmia unless they have an external trigger, such as drug abuse or an electric shock. If there is an underlying problem, however, the electrical impulses may not be able to travel through the heart correctly, increasing the likelihood of arrhythmia.

Symptoms of arrhythmia:

Some patients have no symptoms, but a doctor might detect an arrhythmia during a routine examination or on an EKG.

Even if a patient notices symptoms, it does not necessarily mean there is a serious problem; for instance, some patients with life-threatening arrhythmias may have no symptoms while others with symptoms may not have a serious problem.

Symptoms depend on the type of arrhythmia; we will explain the most common below:

Tachycardia is when the heart beats quicker than normal; symptoms include: Breathlessness (dyspnea), Dizziness, Syncope (fainting, or nearly fainting), Fluttering in the chest, Chest pain, Lightheadedness, Sudden weakness.

Bradycardia is when the heart beats slower than normal; symptoms include: Angina (chest pain), Trouble concentrating, Confusion, Difficulties when exercising, Dizziness, Fatigue (tiredness), Lightheadedness, Palpitations, Shortness of breath, Syncope (fainting or nearly fainting), Diaphoresis, or Sweating.

Atrial fibrillation is when the upper chambers of the heart beat in an irregular pattern and out of synchrony with the lower chambers. Symptoms often develop rapidly, although sometimes, there are no symptoms: Angina (chest pain), Breathlessness (dyspnea), Dizziness, Palpitations, Syncope (fainting, or nearly fainting), and Weakness.

Treatments for arrhythmia:

Treatment for arrhythmia is only required if the condition is putting the patient at risk of a more serious arrhythmia or a complication, or if the symptoms are very severe.

Treatments for Tachycardia:

There are several different treatments for tachycardia:

Vagal maneuvers - certain movements that the patient can do themselves might stop some types of arrhythmia that start above the lower half of the heart.

Medications - these will not cure the patient, but are usually effective in reducing episodes of tachycardia and can help with proper electrical conduction of the heart.

Cardio version - the doctor may use an electric shock or medication to reset the heart to its regular rhythm.

Ablation therapy - one or more catheters go through blood vessels into the inner heart. They are placed in areas of the heart that are thought to be the source of the arrhythmia and destroy small sections of those tissues.

ICD (implantable cardioverter-defibrillator) - the device is implanted near the left collarbone and monitors heart rhythm; if it detects an abnormally fast rhythm, it stimulates the heart to return to a normal rhythm.

Maze procedure - a series of surgical incisions are made in the heart. They then heal into scars and form blocks. These blocks guide the electrical impulses, helping the heart to beat efficiently.

Ventricular aneurysm surgery - sometimes, an aneurysm (bulge) in a blood vessel that leads to the heart causes an arrhythmia. If other treatments do not work, a surgeon may remove the aneurysm.

Coronary bypass surgery - arteries or veins from elsewhere in the patient's body are grafted to the coronary arteries to bypass any regions that have become narrow, and improve the blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardium).

Treatments for Bradycardia:

If Bradycardia is caused by an underlying condition, that condition needs to be treated first. If no underlying problem is found, the doctor may advise implanting a pacemaker. A pacemaker is a small device that is placed under the skin of the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms. Pacemakers use electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal minimum rate.

Risk factors for arrhythmia:

The following are possible risk factors for arrhythmia: Old age, Inherited gene defects, Heart problems, Hypothyroidism or Hyperthyroidism, Some prescription medications and over-the-counter drugs, Hypertension, Obesity, Uncontrolled diabetes, Obstructive sleep apnea, Electrolyte imbalances, Heavy and regular alcohol consumption, Too much caffeine, Illegal drugs.

Complications of arrhythmia:

Stroke - fibrillation (quivering) means that the heart is not pumping properly. This can cause blood to collect in pools and clots can form. If one of the clots dislodges it may travel to a brain artery, blocking it, and causing a stroke. Stroke can cause brain damage and can sometimes be fatal.

Heart failure - prolonged Tachycardia or Bradycardia can result in the heart not pumping enough blood to the body and its organs - this is heart failure. Treatment can usually help improve this.

Cardiology-2018 will provide the excellent opportunity to meet experts related to Arrhythmia exchange information and strengthen the collaboration among Directors, Researchers, Associate Professors, and Scholars from both academia and industry.

For more details, please go through PS: http://scientificfederation.com/cardiology-2018/

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